一. 文章的套路结构:（局限于说明文章，议论文章。）
1. 结论说明型
A．文章开始出现一个结论，后为对他的解释
B.TS(topical sentence即主题句)即为为结论出现支出；注意特别容易的情况是每一段之主题句是该段首句。
C.什么是“判断句”？---通常很重要，判断结论说明型靠判断句，直指主题
a.系表结构:be. remain
b.含有作者的态度和评价，注意可能有自由褒贬词
2.新老观点型
A.判断标志:
文章开始不久就出现了老观点,例如:
it was traditionally assumed?
it was once / usually believed?
Many ××believed that?
Many ××have argued?
It was frequently assumed that?
It was universally accepted that?
过去.传统.大家一致公认的观点,都是老观点。
B.TS:陈述新观点的句子。
C.新观点特征:
对同一focus给出不同的解释。
读到老观点的时候,应该停下来想一想,新观点可能是什么样子,从而往下有目的地寻找。
3.现象解释型
A.判断标志:首段给出一个自然的或社会的现象,往往很古怪,下文对其做出解释。
B.可能有多种解释,TS:作者给了正评价的解释。
C.需要注意的是:
a.可能先给出几个错误的(作者持负评价),最后一个才是正确的(正平价)。
b.可能所有解释作者全都不喜欢。
4.问题解决.回答型
A.判断标志:
a.手段出现了设问句。
b.首段出现了以下词语:problem difficulty task puzzle 等
B.TS:作者给出正评价的解决方案。
5.其他类的文章
前班部分是以上四种结构之一,后半部分讲了一些与前面无关的内容。
TS在前面,从前面不从后面
二.做题的几条原则
1.先读文章后做题也可以先看题在看文章，建议仔细看全文，才能把握主题不至于上当
2.不能凭印象,或自己的知识背景做题。这点我很有感触，作题不能想当然
2. 做细节题:必须找原文语言重现,正确选项为原文的精确改写。（难大题目用选项中的关键词语，扫描全文，此外在读原文时有意识的记一下
三．平常复习的建议
1．复杂句式――重点训练。推荐王若平的大学难句和考研难句，随便哪本都可以。价格好象是20大元。难句重点训练省略，倒装，复杂从句，等
2. 生词.词组:注意熟词僻义
3. 注意对找主题句绝对敏感；
4.重点把握:A文章结构；B作者态度。
具体作题思维：
下面是我的习惯。希望网友斧正
1. 第一遍读文章的时候,第一段的1-2句要重读，可能出主题，或是1-2句本身是作者要批驳的标把
其后几段
1)例子,注意考 in order to 题型,答案或前或后,例子的目的要比例子本身重要。如果细节题要注意选乡有变化，出题老师不会送分给你
2)“:” “--” 同义重复 “；” 相当于顺接连词
3)顺接连词:moreover ,furthermore等。
a. 前后作者态度一致,可以用于旁证作者态度；
b. 前面如果有不认识的动词或者形容词,后句还可以作挣扎；
c. 如果全段都没有结构连词,则缺省为顺接关系,段首为主句。
4)让步语气:
•让步之后必有转折,转折部分一定要读懂强转折很可能出题；
•如果转折句没有读懂,则回过头去看让步部分,取他的相反即可这样还是可以读懂句子。
5)观点.说法:
具体内容可以快速略去,关键要把握代表人物.作者态度。作者态度很重要，很可能出题
2.选项处理
1)直选法:精确定位是关键。
2)正确选项必须是原文的精确改写:
a.主动词:与原文同义或者近义；
b.直接宾语；
c.范畴:包括各种状语(时间.地点等).作用范围.人物群体等等。
3.排除法:
1)最重要的是文字对应法；
2)先应该纵向扫描选项,如果在讲同一对象,则先回原文定位,再做选择。
四.重点语言现象
1. 主题句
2. 每段的主体词、关键词（两三个）
3. 强对比（肯定、绝对要出题1)unlike, in contrast to, be distinguish from
2)时间:once, now, new, nowadays, current ideas, until, recently, past,
in 1950’s?
3)最高级,唯一性
•最高级:most, uttermost, foremost, least, always, never, first, last, all, every, any, each, none, -est
•唯一性:only, sole, unique, exclusively, mere
关联对比词：a. Unlike（相反）b. Contrast c. On the other hand d. On the contrary
4. 强转折
虽然：However/While
但是：But, Yet, Whereas
In fact-Actually2. 强因果
Because/Since/For/冒号/分号
表所以：Thus/Hence/Therefore/Lead to/Result in/Result from/Lie in
表结论：Conclude/Conclusion/Conclusive
表后果：Consequent/Consequence
5. 强调词、强调性语言
1) 最高级
顺序最高级：First
频率最高级：Always/Never
程度最高级：Foremost/Uttermost/Utmost
2) 唯一性
Only/Sole(ly)/Unique(ly)/Exclusive(ly)/Alone(后置)
3) 比较级
More than/Less than/As…as…/Similar to/The same as
慎重对待题肢中的最高级、比较级
6. 专有名词
人名、物种（动植物）、化学物质、地名
Nevertheless-Nonetheless
Rather-Instead
Despite-In spite of
注意：
极端转折（最后半句是想说的）
多重转折三中标点符号
引号（引用某人原话；表强调；表负评价）——易出题
括号、破折号——表插入、补充、解释
6. 判断句（定性结论、提纲挈领）（可能是主题体）
1) 系动词、情态动词
Be/Remain/Seem/Can/Cannot/May/Might
2) 自由褒贬词
例：His (brazen/penetrating) view (successfully/curiously) changed our attitude
第二部分 题目类型
一.主题题型
(一)问main idea, primary purpose，title,etc
1.正确选项必须具备三个特征:
①有focus； ②无细节； ③态度与原文一致
--能找到TS则直接改写,找不到依据这三个特征使用排除法
2.先看选项的主体动词,迅速排除干扰项
①presentation型的文章
present, describe, explain, illustrate, point out?（此只是技巧有时靠不住）
②argumentation型的文章
evaluate, criticize, refute, challenge, counter, correct
--出现了则优先选（此只是技巧有时靠不住）
(二)问focus: 应直接定位TS
需要注意以下几点:
后面出现大段无关论述时:主题“从前不从后”；
从面TS已对某事物给了正态度,末尾再作转折,说一些毛病,缺点,这是倒让步,而不是文章的重点,不用考虑！
二.作者态度题型
态度题的做法：
判断依据：
1判断句（系动词、情态动词、自由褒贬词）前面两个好理解，自由褒贬词一说是新东方老师的称呼，这也是他教的方法。通过找它对判断作者态度很有作用，但前提是你对全文的结构逻辑把握的比较好，单纯通过自由褒贬词的判断还是不很保险，但这是一个思路，考研英语的语言难度不是太大，还是好判断的
2某些某些名人说话引号中的形容词或副词表评价（注意我上次改正的帖子，我也贴在这里
所谓名人态度题分两种，
1是问某人态度，可能出某人的ATTITUDE NOT INCLUDE。。。？ 2是主题的态度，借名人来造势
这就出现了
1作者的意见和名人的一致，要注意全文的起承转合，比较明显的词FOR EXAMPLE SUCH。。AS 。。SUCH AS。等等很多，自己平常作题时有意识记一下，只要知道下面的话是用来支持观点的，所以我说，例子的的目的要重要于例子本身，这种题容易丢分。
2作者的意见和名人的不一致，有时名人的话只是给文章好开个头，批的就是他。这就是观点对立式主题文章的类型，在文中的明显的词有：IS TEMPTED TO SAY，IT IS PRESUMELY BELIEVEED THAT 。。。等等，平常作题时有意识记一下，注意观点对立式这里就一定出现了意思的强转折，例如HOWER，BUT ，WHILE，ON THE CONTRARY 等等。而且在阐述作者本身观点时可能会有自由褒贬词，一定要小心呀
3一些实义动词表评价，尤其在讲原理，或研究的文章中：（我举了一些实际远不止这么多，建议自己总结一下
a. 负：fail to/overestimate/underestimate/exaggerate/
misinterpret/misrepresent/ignore/neglect/overlook
b. 正：find/discover/show/demonstrate/prove/confirm/determine
4） 让步：前半句是假话；后半句是真正要说的，转折：一般大负小正原则上以大为准兼顾小的，如果选乡中只有大的以大为准。
a. It is true/correct; Of course
b. No doubt; Undoubtedly
c. 助动词do/may/seem/appear
5） 从大不从小原则：从全文来讲，看前面、开头或主题讲的是什么评价。
2. 做题注意事项：
1） 避免极端选项，太激进的选乡，请注意极端选项排除法只是个辅助的方法，适用范围较窄。
2） 混和评价的正确选项的表达方式：
a. …but/and…
如：critical but admiring（大正小负）
correct but limited correct and incomplete
b. 由修饰词所限定的评价词：
partially (correct); qualified (approval)（打了折扣的，有限制的）；
guarded (criticism) （慎重的）；tentative (acceptance)（暂时的，尝试性的）
reluctant (criticism)（不情愿的）；enthusiasm tempered by minor reservation
还有INFER 题我真的对他没什么把握，他对应试者的素质要求很高。
三.该拿分的定位题
--需要重点练习迅速定位.精确改写的技巧！！细节题目有时考的很偏应尽量拿分再次提醒不要用背景知识答题。
1．in order to题型(example的作用？)
①原文先总结,后example,则应该往前定位
标志:for example/for instance/such as/like
②原文先example,后总结归纳,则应该往后定位
标志:thus, hence, conclusion
③如果没有任何标志,则前后为顺接关系,一般为先结论后举例,往前定位
2强对比取非题
①简单强对化
unlike, in contrast to, compared with
②时间强对比---时间可能有变化，比如原文1970S，选项为30 DECADES AGO，等等
3．态度题
4．主题问TITLE题
5，决大多数细节题，关键看你的敏感度和瞬间记忆，作完主题题再查找也可以。
本人做阅读两遍操作
下面说说我的思维过程（很多是新东方教的再结合网友经验）：
1第一段详细读,集中最高注意力的读,每一句都读（因为判断套路60%看第一段能做出个预测）.
2 每段首句好好读,尽可能多的把握其用意,尤其是和文章结构的关系,在这样结构的文章中充当什么角色 如果这一段写的是观点,则一定要读,不仅要读,还要思考,思考它在全文中的作用,思考它的启承转合。重点要读读新观点 如果这一段是个研究,试验,则明白它的研究对象, 看到启程转合,凝神静看。放慢速度. 如果这一段写的是观点,则一定要读,不仅要读,还要思考,思考它在全文中的作用,思考它的启承转合!其中重点读新观点,旧观点略! 如果这一段讲的是个具体的内容,进程,事件,原理...则基本不要读,知道他讲什么就够了!读转折词,这是为了看看是否有意外的观点!没有,则可以做题了! 遇到however ,in fact ,is driven to, purpose of, instead of, not...but..., unlike, contrast. 等等等有指导意义的词组,要慢读,并且使劲记住主体词!
例如涉及到谁,反对了什么。全文中for example, for instance等不读.想一下是针对谁举的例 子就可以,记住,例子的目的远远比内容要重要. 末句之重要!因为文章该结束了,作者一般在这 个时候必须给读者一个交待,所以通常讲出一些比较有指导意义的话! 对于文章末句要予以高度关注,尤其是末断的让步!一般不能撼动前面作者一直持续的态度,只是作者为了严谨客观起见的阐述.
3。同时划记号
如：
主题结构类(主题.organization.各段作用.各段结构.态度.写作；)
in order to题,imply题,所以遇到in order to一定要笔记；
大写名词,斜体字,一定要记
强对比(rather than. unlike.)
列举,3个以上的列举
连词(not..but..; not only..but also.. ;no longer ..but
缺陷,尤其是unless怎样怎样,就更好,一定要笔记
最后还有细节题。这种题型相对有一些难度,但是如果对段落的把握比较好,就好定。这要求在读文的时候有意识记住，对瞬间记忆要求高
4读完后不急作题，花10秒理一下思路和结构，先做主题题 INORDER TO 提等和全文有关的题目
5。细节题目，第二遍查找式阅读因为对主题把握的好，又记录了一些细节，所以相对速度还凑活
后记：
方法不是绝对，怎么方便怎么来，这也是我主持这次讨论的原因，对自己一段时间的学习做个检讨，总结。我的这些意见只提供参考，总之，作题，分析是为了提高分数，方法不是绝对，怎么方便怎么来，但我建议大家还是学会预测。顶级高手确实一遍就过，
实战演练：
(1)
With only about 1, 000 pandas left in the world, China is desperately trying to clone(克隆) the animal and save the endangered species(物种). That’s a move similar to what a Texas A & M University researchers have been undertaking for the past five years in a project called “Noah’s Ark”.
Noah’s Ark is aimed at collecting eggs, embryos(胚胎), semen and DNA of endangered animals and storing them in liquid nitrogen. If certain species should become extinct, Dr. Duane Kraemer, a professor in Texas A & M’s College of Veterinary Medicine, says there would be enough of the basic building blocks to reintroduce the species in the future.
It is estimated that as many as 2, 000 species of mammals, birds reptiles will become extinct in over 100 years. The panda, native only to China, is in danger of becoming extinct in the next 25 years.
This week, Chinese scientists said they grew an embryo by introducing cells from a dead female panda into the egg cells of a Japanese white rabbit. They are now trying to implant the embryo into a host animal.
The entire procedure could take from three to five years to complete.
“The nuclear transfer(核子移植) of one species to another is not easy, and the lack of available(capable of being used) panda eggs could be a major problem,” Kraemer believes. “They will probably have to do several hundred transfers to result in one pregnancy (having a baby). It takes a long time and it’s difficult, but this could be groundbreaking science if it works. They are certainly not putting any live pandas at risk, so it is worth the effort,” adds Kraemer, who is one of the leaders of the Project at Texas A& M, the first-ever attempt at cloning a dog.
“They are trying to do something that’s never been done, and this is very similar to our work in Noah’s Ark. We’re both trying to save animals that face extinction. I certainly appreciate their effort and there’s a lot we can learn from what they are attempting to do. It’s a research that is very much needed.”
1. The aim of “Noah’s Ark” project is to _______.
A. make efforts to clone the endangered pandas
B. save endangered animals from dying out
C. collect DNA of endangered animals to study
D. transfer the nuclear of one animal to another
2. According to Professor Kraemer, the major problem in cloning pandas would be the lack of _______.
A. available panda eggs B. host animals
C. qualified researchers D. enough money
3. The best title for the passage may be _______.
A. China’s Success in Pandas Cloning
B. The First Cloned Panda in the World
C. Exploring the Possibility to Clone Pandas
D. China —the Native Place of Pandas Forever
4. From the passage we know that _______.
A. Kraemer and his team have succeeded in cloning a dog
B. scientists try to implant a panda’s egg into a rabbit
C. Kraemer will work with Chinese scientists in clone researches
D. about two thousand of species will probably die out in a century
【答案与解析】本文讲述中国正在竭力克隆濒临绝种的熊猫，这和Texas A & M University 的Noah\'s Ark(诺亚方舟)工程极为相似，都是想拯救濒临灭绝的动物。
1. B。语义理解题。从第2段内容可知，“诺亚方舟”工程的目标是把濒临灭绝的动物的蛋(卵)、胚胎、精液和DNA储存在液体氮中，如果某一种动物濒临灭绝时，将来可以重现这一动物。
2. A。细节题。从第6段第1句话 The nuclear transfer(核子移植) of one species to another is not easy, and the lack of available (capable of being used ) panda eggs could be a major problem 可以做出正确判断。
3. C。主旨题。从文章内容来看，无论是中国还是世界克隆熊猫还没有成功，所以排除A、B项；D项内容明显与文章内容不符，故排除。所以“探索克隆熊猫的可能性”应该是这篇文章的标题。
4. D。判断题。此题B项的干扰性较强，但由于它没有说明是Chinese scientists，所以应排除。A、C项明显与原文不符。根据文章第3段第1句可知答案非D莫属。
(2)
Want a glance of the future of health care? Take a look at the way the various networks of people about patient care are being connected to one another, and how this new connectivity is being exploited to deliver medicine to the patient —no matter where he or she may be.
Online doctors offering advice based on normal symptoms(症状) are the most obvious example. Increasingly, however, remote diagnosis(远程诊断) will be based on real physiological data(生理数据) from the actual patient. A group from the University of Kentucky has shown that by using personal data assistance plus a mobile phone, it is perfectly practical to send a patient’s important signs over the telephone. With this kind of equipment, the cry asking whether there was a doctor in the house could well be a thing of the past.
Other medical technology groups are working on applying telemedicine to rural(countryside) care. And at least one team wants to use telemedicine as a tool for disaster need—especially after earthquakes. On the whole, the trend is towards providing global access to medical data and experts’ opinions.
But there is one problem. Bandwidth(宽带) is the limiting factor for sending complex(复杂的) medical pictures around the world — CT photos being one of the biggest bandwidth users. Communication satellites may be able to deal with the short-term needs during disasters such as earthquakes or wars. But medicine is looking towards both the second-generation Internet and third-generation mobile phones for the future of remote medical service.
Doctors have met to discuss computer-based tools for medical diagnosis, training and telemedicine. With the falling price of broadband communications, the new technologies should start a new time when telemedicine and the sharing of medical information, experts’ opinions and diagnosis are common.
1. The writer chiefly talks about _______.
A. the use of telemedicine B. the on-lined doctors
C. medical care and treatment D. communication improvement
2. The basis of remote diagnosis will be _______.
A. personal data assistance
B. some words of a patient
C. real physiological information
D. medical pictures from the Internet
3. Which of the following statements is true according to the text？
A. Patients don’t need doctors in hospitals any more.
B. It is impossible to send a patient’s signs over the telephone.
C. Many teams use telemedicine dealing with disasters now.
D. Broadband communications will become cheaper in the future.
4. The “problem” in the fourth paragraph refers to the fact that _______.
A. bandwidth isn’t big enough to send complex medical pictures
B. the second-generation of Internet has not become popular yet
C. communication satellites can only deal with short-term needs
D. there is not enough equipment for spreading the medical care
【答案与解析】本文主要讲述人们将来可以通过网上看病，医生可以根据病人的生理数据做出远程诊断。随着第二代因特网和第三代移动手机为将来的远程医疗服务，尤其是宽带网交流价格的下降，远程医疗和医药信息、专家意见和诊断共享将成为家常便饭。
1. A。主旨题。第2段和第3段的内容，可知最佳答案为A。
2. C。细节题。从第2段第2句话中的…remote diagnosis(远程诊断) will be based on real physiological data(生理数据) from the actual patient 可以做出正确判断。
3. D。判断题。网上可以看病并不就是说病人去医院不需要医生，排除A项；通过电话发送病人的信息是可行的，排除B项；现在至少有一个医疗队想用远程医疗来治疗疾病，C项也不对；根据文章最后一句话With the falling price of broadband communications, the new technologies should start a new time when telemedicine and the sharing of medical information, experts’ opinions and diagnosis are common 可以肯定答案是D。
4. A。推断题。根据第4段第2句话 Bandwidth(宽带) is the limiting factor for sending complex(复杂) medical pictures around the world — CT photos being one of the biggest bandwidth users可知答案为A。
(3)
Scientists are uncovering the secrets of two port cities lost under the waters of the Mediterranean Sea, a researcher said yesterday.
Herakleion and Menouthis were rich and proud cities until something reduced them to rubble (碎石) and buried them in the mud beneath 30 feet of sea water, French underwater explorer Franck Goddio said at the American Geophysical Union conference.
“This is a mystery that is ongoing,” said Goddio, a founder of the European Institute of Marine Archeology, a Paris-based underwater research organization backed by the wealthy Hilti Foundation of Liechtenstein(列支敦士登基金会).
The destruction of the twin port cities has haunted Goddio ever since he happened upon the site about 15 miles from Alexandria while exploring sunken ships from Napoleon’s fleet.
Goddio and his group of expert divers, marine archeologists(海洋考古学家) and others, are using high powered vacuums, satellite navigation systems and sophisticated sonar(声纳) to excavate(挖掘) the sunken cities from underneath a carpet of silt about one meter (three feet) high.
Walls of shops, remains of streets and gold artifacts have been found and recovered.
Some experts believe that the port cities were destroyed by a series of massive earthquakes, much like the quakes scientists believe felled Troy(特洛伊城), Jericho and other ancient cities. The uniform direction of the collapsed columns and walls suggest an earthquake, Goddio said, but no fault lines have been found nearby.
Other researchers believe a massive wave, caused by either an offshore earthquake or a distant underwater landslide, could explain the catastrophe. Still others think rising seas and a shift in the Nile River outlet doomed the cities.
“The argument, as you can see, continues,” Goddio said.
1. The reason why the two port cities disappeared under the waters of Mediterranean Sea is that ______.
A. the two port cities were destroyed by huge earthquakes
B. the disappearance of the two port cities was caused by underwater landslide
C. rising seas and a shift in the Nile River outlet doomed the cities
D. the story didn’t tell us at all
2. From the story we can draw a conclusion that _______.
A. the two port cities were famous for their wealth and the mystery
B. the two cities belonged to France
C. some mysterious creatures from other planets destroyed the two cities
D. the American Geophysical Union conference was once held in one of the two cities
3. This article is probably from _______.
A. a scientific magazine
B. a report to the government
C. a school text book
D. a scientific report in a newspaper
(1—3 DBD)
【答案与解析】本文报道了人们对法国地中海中的两座城市沉如海底的各种推测。
1. D。推断题。文章只对城市下沉的原因作了一些推测但未作出结论。由此可推知此题答案为D。
2. B。推断题。根据文章中所提到的与之相关的名称，如：French underwater explorer Franck Goddio, a Paris-based underwater research organization, Napoleon’s fleet可推知此题答案为B。
3. D。推断题。文章讨论地中海中的两座城市下沉的原因，显然与地质科学有关，故选D。注意不宜选A，一个显然的因素是第1段中出现的yesterday。
(4)
Motherhood may make women smarter and may help prevent dementia(痴呆) in old age by bathing the brain in protective hormones(荷尔蒙) , U.S. reseachers reported on Thursday.
Tests on rats show that those who raise two or more litters of pups do considerably better in tests of memory and skills than rats who have no babies, and their brains show changes that suggest they may be protected against diseases such as Alzheimer’s(早老痴呆症). University of Richmond psychology professor Craig Kinsley believes his findings will translate into humans.
“Our research shows that the hormones of pregnancy(怀孕) are protecting the brain, including estrogen(雌激素), which we know has many neuroprotective (保护神经的) effects,” Kinsley said.
“It’s rat data but humans are mammals just like these animals are mammals,” he added in a telephone interview. “They go through pregnancy and hormonal changes.”
Kinsley said he hoped public health officials and researchers will look to see if having had children protects a woman from Alzheimer’s and other forms of age-related brain decline.
“When people think about pregnancy, they think about what happens to babies and the mother from the neck down,” said Kinsley, who presented his findings to the annual meeting of the Society of Neuroscience in Orlando, Florida.
“They do not realize that hormones are washing on the brain. If you look at female animals who have never gone through pregnancy, they act differently toward young. But if she goes through pregnancy, she will sacrifice her life for her infant—that is a great change in her behavior that showed in genetic alterations(改变) to the brain.”
1. How do scientists know “Motherhood may make women smarter”?
A. Some researchers have told them.
B. Many women say so.
C. They know it by experimenting on rats.
D. They know it through their own experience.
2. What does the phrase “litters of pups” mean in the second paragraph?
A. Baby rats. B. Animals. C. Old rats. D. Grown-up rats.
3. What can protect the brain of a woman according to the passage?
A. Estrogen. B. The hormones of pregnancy.
C. More exercise. D. Taking care of children.
4. “It’s rat data but humans are mammals just like these animals are mammals.” What does the sentence suggest?
A. The experiments on the rats have nothing to do with humans.
B. The experiments on the rats are very important for animals.
C. The experiments on the rats are much the same on humans.
D. The experiments on the rats are much the same on other animals.
5. Which title is the best for this passage?
A. Do You Want to Be Smarter?
B. Motherhood Makes Women Smarter
C. Mysterious Hormones
D. An Important Study
【答案与解析】本文介绍了一个观点：母性特点能使妇女变得更加聪明灵敏。
1. C。细节题。根据Tests on rats show… 可知科学家是通过做老鼠实验得出这个结论的。
2. A。词义猜测题。后面的对比who have no babies，实际上提供了一个相反的情况，所以我们可以推测those who raise two or more litters of pups中的litters of pups指的是“刚出生不久的小老鼠”。
3. B。细节题。根据文章第 3 段中的 …the hormones of pregnancy(怀孕) are protecting the brain可得出答案。
4. C。句意理解题。科学家通过用老鼠做实验来说明人的问题。因为人和老鼠都属于哺乳动物，很多生理机能都相同。
5. B。主旨题。短文第 1 句 Motherhood may make women smarter 是主题句，据此我们可以得出答案。
(5)
To get cash out in the 21st century, you won’t need a bank card, a PIN(个人识别编号) or even have to move a finger. You will simply have to look the cash machine straight in the eye, declares National Cash Registers, a multinational company that makes automated teller machines, or ATMs. NCR has shown its first example machine that is believed to be the future of banking. Instead of asking you for your PIN on a screen, the Super Teller-Stella for short, asks you orally through a loudspeaker to look straight ahead while an infrared camera turns to your head, then your eye, and finally takes an infrared photograph of your iris(虹膜). For identification(识别) purposes, an iris picture is better than a fingerprint, with around 256 noticeable characteristics compared with 40 for fingerprints. This means that the chances of someone else being recognized in your place is about 1 in 1020. Once you’ve been identified, Stella greets you by name and says: “Would you like cash or a statement?” An infrared port allows the machine to send a bank statement straight to your pocket computer.
1. What does this passage mainly talk about?
A. A new medical instrument
B. A new type of talking machine.
C. A new type of cash machine.
D. National Cash Register
2. What is this new machine called?
A. Stella B. ATM C. PIN D. NCR
3. When you want to get cash out in the 21st century, you will _______.
A. need a bank card B. have to put in your PIN
C. move your finger D. just look directly at the teller machine
【答案解析】本文介绍了自动取款机的新型的识别储户方法。
1. C。主旨题。阅读全文可知本文介绍的是新型取款机的设计原理及工作方式，故选 C。
2. A。细节题。根据 Instead of asking you for your PIN on a screen, the Super Teller-Stella for short, asks you orally… 及 Once you’ve been identified, Stella greets you by name and says… 可知答案为 A。
3. D。细节题。根据 To get cash out in the 21st century, you won’t need a bank card, a PIN or even have to move a finger. You will simply have to look the cash machine straight in the eye,…可知仅仅径直看着取款机就可以了，故选答案 D。
(6)
Weather changes when the temperature and the amount of water in the atmosphere change. We can see and feel water coming from the atmosphere when we have rain. But the water must somehow get back to the atmosphere. Meteorologists call this the water cycle.
There are many stages in the water cycle. Rain falls when water vapour in clouds condenses(凝结). Drops of water form and fall to the ground. The water soaks into the ground and feeds streams and rivers. A lot of rain falls into the sea. The heat of the sun evaporates some of the water in the ground and in the rivers, lakes, and the sea. It changes the liquid water into water vapour. The vapour rises onto the air. Water vapour is normally invisible. On a very damp or humid day, however, you can sometimes see water vapour rising from a puddle(水坑) or pond in a mist(薄雾) above the water. Water vapour also gets into the air from living things. Trees and other plants take in water through their roots and give off water vapour from their leaves. People and land animals drink water and breathe out water vapour. In all these ways the water returns to the air. There it gathers to form clouds and condenses to form rain. The rain falls to earth, and the cycle starts again. It continues even if snow or hail(冰雹) fall instead because both eventually melt to form water. The amount of water vapour in the air depends on the temperature. The air is more moist(潮湿) in the tropics(热带) than in the cold polar regions.
1. What is the main idea of the passage?
A. Water cycle. B. Water vapour.
C. How rain forms. D. Water, vapour, rain.
2. How many ways of the water returning to the air are discussed in the text?
A. Two. B. Three. C. Four. D. Five.
3. Whether water vapour can be seen or not depends on _______.
A. how much water is evaporated B. how good your eyes are
C. in which way water is evaporated D. climate or weather
4. From the passage we get to know _______.
A. there is more water vapour in the air in the tropics than in cold polar regions
B. there is more water vapour in the air in cold polar region than in the tropics
C. it gets more rain in the tropics than in cold polar regions because there is less vapour
D. the amount of water vapour in the air depends on how often it rains
【答案与解析】本文阐述了水循环的全过程。
1. A。主旨题。文章第1段，特别是最后一句Meteorologists call this the water cycle. 已点明主题。
2. B。判断题。读完第2段，不难发现水返回空中的方式有3种：第1种是太阳蒸发地面上的水使之变成水蒸气返回空中；第2种是树和植物释放出的水蒸气；第3种是人和动物呼出的水蒸气。
3. D。语义理解题。从第2段第9句话On a very damp or humid day, however, you can sometimes see water vapour rising from a puddle(水坑) or pond in a mist(薄雾) above the water. 可以找到为什么。
4. A。判断题。根据最后一句话The air is more moist(潮湿) in the tropics(热带) than in the cold polar regions 可知答案。
(7)
Technology is the application(应用) of knowledge to production. Thanks to modern technology, we have been able to increase greatly the efficiency of our work force. New machines and new methods have helped cut down time and expense while increasing overall output. This has meant more production and a higher standard of living. For most of us in America, modern technology is thought of as the reason why we can have cars and television sets. However, technology has also increased the amount of food available to us, by means of modern farming machinery and animal breeding techniques, and has extended our life span via(通过) medical technology.
Will mankind continue to live longer and have a higher quality of life? In large measure the answer depends on technology and our ability to use it widely. If we keep making progress as we have over the past fifty years, the answer is definitely yes. The advancement of technology depends upon research and development, and the latest statistics(统计) show that the United States is continuing to pump billions of dollars annually(每年) into such efforts. So while we are running out of some scarce resources(少的资源) we may well find technological substitutes(代用品)for many of them through our research programs.
Therefore, in the final analysis the three major factors of production(land, labor and capital) are all influenced by technology. When we need new skills, on techniques in medicine, people will start developing new technology to meet those needs. As equipment proves to be slow or inefficient, new machines will be invented. Technology responds to our needs in helping us maintain our standard of living.
1. What is the best title for the passage?
A. The definition of technology B. Modern technology
C. The application of technology D. The development of technology
2. Which is the main idea of the passage?
A. Modern technology is the key to the improvement of standard of living.
B. The three major factors of production (land, labor and capital) are all influenced by technology.
C. Technology is the response to our needs.
D. The United States is making great efforts to advance its technology.
3. According to the passage, people can live a long life with the help of _______.
A. higher quality of life B. medical technology
C. modern farming machinery D. technological substitute
【答案与解析】“科学技术是生产力”是这篇文章的主题。
1. B。主旨题。文章的主要笔墨是用在科学技术的作用上，所以答案应选B。
2. A。主旨题。文章最后一句Technology responds to our needs in helping us maintain our standard of living 就是主题句。
3. B。判断题。从文章第2段第2句话…the answer depends on technology and our ability to use it widely 可以肯定答案选B。
(8)
Space travel is definitely bad for astronauts’ bones, reducing their bone density(密度) after only a month of weightlessness, according to French research published on Friday.
Laurence Vico and his fellow workers at St Etienne University called for more research into the effects of microgravity, after their study of 15 astronauts from the Russian MIR station showed bone loss continued throughout space flights.
“Bone loss was especially striking in four astronauts, ” the scientists reported in the Lancet Medical Journal.
They measured the bone mineral density (BMD) of bones in the forearm(前臂) and lower leg of the astronauts who had spent one to six months in space.
The BMD loss was significant in the tibia(胫骨) of the lower leg, a weight-bearing bone, but barely changed in the radius(桡骨) of the forearm. “Our results indicate the need to investigate not only different bones, but also different areas of the same bone since not all sites of the skeleton (骨架) are similarly affected by space conditions, ” they added.
Without gravity the body isn’t bearing any weight so there is no need for calcium (钙) which makes bones strong, and it becomes empty into the bloodstream.
The research team suggested in future scientists should try to determine if the loss&nb
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